Were the Nazis modern Would you consider them modernist or modernizers Essay

Were the Nazis present day Would you think of them as pioneer or modernizers You could contend that they were one of these, both, or not one or the other - Essay Example In the period of high pioneer, as from around 1910 to 1930, the principle figures of innovator works helped generally to rethink what verse and account may be and do. Figures like Rilke, Woolf, Stevens, Joyce, Pound, Eliot, Mallarme, and Proust are pondered the initiators of twentieth-century pioneer (Inglehart, 1997). On the hand, modernizer or modernization is the change from agrarian, provincial, customary society to a mechanical, mainstream, urban culture. Current society is mechanical society. For one to modernize a general public, it first beginnings with industrialize it. Customarily, the development of present day society has been personally connected to the event of mechanical society. Every single such component that are connected with advancement can be uncovered to be associated with the arrangement of varieties that, close to two centuries back, brought into reality the modern type of society. This recommends the terms industrialism and mechanical culture propose unquestionably more than the fiscal and innovative systems that development their crucial. Industrialism is a lifestyle that consolidates significant financial, social changes, social, and political. It is by encountering the plentiful difference in industrialization that social orders become current (Armstrong, 2005) Modernization is a continuous and open-finished course. Generally, the range of time over which it has happened must be estimated in hundreds of years, regardless of whether there are cases of upgraded modernization. In such a case, modernization isn't a for the last time achievement. There is by all accounts an energetic guideline incorporated with the very texture of contemporary social orders that doesn't allow them to settle, or to accomplish. It is a pioneer piece this is on the grounds that it discusses the antiquities that would be gathered not to uncover the twentieth centurys dynamic advancement, yet to follow and misrepresents its inquisitive associations, the schemes that made the century fruitful; the various chronicles that it drew upon, the

How Experimental Psychology Studies Behavior

How Experimental Psychology Studies Behavior Basics Print How Experimental Psychology Studies Behavior By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 24, 2019 Hinterhaus Productions / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming What factors influence peoples behaviors and thoughts? Experimental psychology utilizes scientific methods to answer these questions by researching the mind and behavior. Experimental psychologists conduct experiments to learn more about why people do certain things. Overview Why do people do the things they do? What factors influence how personality develops? And how do our behaviors and experiences shape our character? These are just a few of the questions that psychologists explore, and experimental methods allow researchers to create and empirically test hypotheses. By studying such questions, researchers can also develop theories that enable them to describe, explain, predict, and even change human behaviors. For example, researchers might utilize experimental methods to investigate why people engage in unhealthy behaviors. By learning more about the underlying reasons why these behaviors occur, researchers can then search for effective ways to help people avoid such actions or replace unhealthy choices with more beneficial ones. Reasons to Study Experimental Psychology While students are often required to take experimental psychology courses during undergraduate and graduate school, you should think about this subject as a methodology rather than a singular area within psychology. Many of these techniques are also used by other subfields of psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues. Experimental psychology is important because the findings discovered by psychologists play a vital role in our understanding of the human mind and behavior. By better understanding exactly what makes people tick, psychologists and other mental health professionals are able to explore new approaches to treating psychological distress and mental illness. Methods Used So how exactly do researchers investigate the human mind and behavior? Because the human mind is so complex, it seems like a challenging task to explore the many factors that contribute to how we think, act, and feel. Experimental psychologists use a variety of different research methods and tools to investigate human behavior. 1. Experiments In some cases, psychologists can perform experiments to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables. The basics of conducting a psychology experiment involve: Randomly assigning participants to groupsOperationally defining variablesDeveloping a hypothesisManipulating the independent variablesMeasuring the dependent variables For example, researchers could perform a study to look at whether sleep deprivation impairs performance on a driving test. The experimenter could control for other variables that might influence the outcome, but then vary the amount of sleep that participants get the night before a driving test. All of the participants would then take the same driving test via a simulator or on a controlled course. By analyzing the results, researchers can then determine if it was changes in the independent variable (amount of sleep) that led to differences in the dependent variable (performance on a driving test). Experimentation remains the primary standard, but other techniques such as case studies, correlational research, and naturalistic observation are frequently utilized in psychological research. 2. Case Studies Case studies allow researchers to study a single individual or group of people in great depth. When performing a case study, the researcher collects every single piece of data possible about the subject, often observing the person of interest over a period and in a variety of situations. Detailed information about the individual’s background including family history, education, work, and social life are also collected. Such studies are often performed in instances where experimentation is not possible. For example, a scientist might conduct a case study when the person of interest has had a unique or rare experience that could not be replicated in a lab. 3. Correlational Research Correlational studies make it possible for researchers to look at relationships between different variables. For example, a psychologist might note that as one variable increase, another tends to decrease. While such studies can look at relationships, they cannot be used to imply causal relationships. The golden rule is that correlation does not equal causation. 4. Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic observation gives researchers the opportunity to observe people in their natural environments. This technique can be particularly useful in cases where the investigators believe that a lab setting might have an undue influence on participant behaviors. What Experimental Psychologists Do Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government, and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental methods to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality, and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. A to Z List of Psychology Careers The History of Experimental Psychology In order to understand how experimental psychology got to be where it is today, it can be helpful to look at how it originated. Psychology is a relatively young discipline, emerging in the late 1800s. While it started as part of philosophy and biology, it officially became its own field of study when the early psychologist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory devoted to the study of experimental psychology. Some of the important events that helped shape the field of experimental psychology include: 1874 - Wilhelm Wundt published the first experimental psychology textbook, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology).1875 - William James opened a psychology lab in the United States. The lab was created for the purpose of class demonstrations, rather than to perform original experimental research.1879 - The first experimental psychology lab was founded in Leipzig, Germany. Modern experimental psychology dates back to the establishment of the very first psychology laboratory by pioneering psychologist Wilhelm Wundt during the late nineteenth century.1883 - G. Stanley Hall opened the first experimental psychology lab in the United States at John Hopkins University.1885 - Herman Ebbinghaus published his famous Über das Gedächtnis (On Memory), which was later translated to English as Memory. A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. In the work, he described his learning and memory experiments that he conducted on himself.1887 - George Trubal l Ladd published his textbook Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American book to include a significant amount of information on experimental psychology.1887 - James McKeen Cattell established the worlds third experimental psychology lab at the University of Pennsylvania.1890 - William James published his classic textbook, The Principles of Psychology.1891 - Mary Whiton Calkins established an experimental psychology lab at Wellesley College, becoming the first woman to form a psychology lab.1893 - G. Stanley Hall founded the American Psychological Association, the largest professional and scientific organization of psychologists in the United States.1920 - John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted their now-famous Little Albert Experiment, in which they demonstrated that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people.1929 - Edwin Borings book A History of Experimental Psychology was published. Boring was an influential experimental psychologist who was devoted to the use of experimental methods in psychology research.1955 - Lee Cronbach published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests, which popularized the use of the construct validity in psychological studies.1958 - Harry Harlow published The Nature of Love, which described his experiments with rhesus monkeys on attachment and love.1961 - Albert Bandura conducted his now-famous Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated the effects of observation on aggressive behavior. A Word From Verywell While experimental psychology is sometimes thought of as a separate branch or subfield of psychology, experimental methods are widely used throughout all areas of psychology. Developmental psychologists use experimental methods to study how people grow through childhood and over the course of a lifetime. Social psychologists utilize experimental techniques to study how people are influenced by groups. Health psychologists rely on experimentation and research to better understand the factors that contribute to wellness and disease.

The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Kansas

The Inequality Between Men And Women - 1529 Words

Throughout time, women have been treated differently than men. History teaches us that in the past, women could not own property, women could not vote and women were often denied the opportunity to work at paying jobs and were often expected to stay home to raise and care for their families. One would think that now in the year 2014, the inequality and inequity between men and women would be a thing of the past; something we would be learning about only in history. However, in today’s society, the inequality between the sexes continues. Currently those differences exist in areas like America’s pay scale and also in hiring practices. It was theorist Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) who introduced this idea of gender inequality. She was†¦show more content†¦Additionally, they stated that 74% of those women worked full-time and 24% worked part-time. On the other hand, that same set of statistics showed almost 87% of men worked full-time and about 13% worked part-time. Since the work force is made up of nearly 50% women and 50% men, one would think that differences in pay would be far less than they actually are. It was Theorist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a sociologist and supporter of feminism, who developed an approach to address gender inequality. Her theory reflects the foundation of educating us today about feminism. She draws from the ideas of Marxism, symbolic interactionism and social Darwinism. Combining those ideas and concepts, her multidimensional theory of gender inequality was born: 1. â€Å"Marxist emphasis on the economical and political basis for gender inequality.† 2. â€Å"A symbolic interactionist emphasis on how these gender differences are reinforced and institutionalized through the process of socialization. and 3. â€Å"A sociobiological emphasis on the evolutionary advantages or roots of gender differences.† (Appelrouth Edles, P 189) Gilman argued that the division of labor in a traditional family (husband makes the money for the family, wife stays at home and cooks, cleans and cares for the children) is what forces women to become dependent on men. Then women learn to rely on this impression that a man’s job is outside the home and a woman’s â€Å"job† is inside the home. Gilman further

History of Rev War Free Essays

The cry of soda enquired into: Educational analysis in seventeenth-century New England. History of Education Quarterly, 13(1), 3-22. Lang, Harry G. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Rev War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Genesis of a Community: The American Deaf Experience in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. In J. Van Clever (Deed. ). The Deaf History Reader. Washington, DC: Gladdest university Press, 2007. 1 . The American Indian view of the colonial missionaries’ influence on the â€Å"education† of the Indian is how the colonial missionaries changed their norm behaviors where they had to change their beliefs to the â€Å"European culture† (Colonial Missionaries and Their schools, 2004, p. 1 5). Also, they correlated the Indian dally life of cleanliness, lack of discipline for the children (Colonial Missionaries and Their Schools, 2004, p. 1 5). I feel that the quote that said by H. G. Wells was relevant to the Indian communities at that time period since the colonial missionaries changed and controlled the Indian lifestyle by Glenn them better education and lifestyle. The article, Colonial Missionaries and Their Schools, explained that most of the Indian children who were taught by the missionaries were separated from their parents nice the Indian parents did not understand the influence that the missionaries had for the Indian children (p. 16). One point was mentioned In the article about how confused the Indians were when they were the victims of the missionaries and â€Å"Christians† cheated and sexually abused them since they were preached about the missionaries’ practice and cheated and sexually abused were not allowed (Colonial Missionaries and Their Schools, 2004, p. 6). The situation where the Indian were cheated and sexually abused by the missionaries and â€Å"Christians† led catastrophe in hat they were taught by the missionaries. 2. The religion played a special role in the Puritan efforts to establish formal schooling in America by set up a high educational standard where their children are successful as their par ents are. Puritans did not accept any failures. (The cry of Soda enquired into: Educational analysis in seventeenth-century New England,1973, p. ) We are experience the same thing today without much of religious involvements. The parents today want to see their children to succeed In their education and have bright futures. Also, parents Ely on teachers and school to help their children In academic where the teachers are constantly encouraging the children to go for their dreams by dream big. Teachers of the deaf can learn from the Puritan educational efforts about literacy by continuing to encourage the deaf students to read and write where they can eventually Improve their English. 3. People with disabilities during the asses and early asses were treated badly where they were chained to the wall since the people did not know how to take care of them. People with disabilities were treated like an here doctors who had better knowledge knew how to take care of them where they were also being observed based on their behaviors. From reading about Isaac Kilojoules, Matthew and Sarah Pratt, Andrew Brown and Jonathan Lambert, I learned that all of them became part of a religious and the Puritans accepted disabilities for who they are without any Judgments. Also, the church did allow deaf marriages without any restriction. 4. Sign language in the American colonies before the Revolutionary War show that it was only used in the level of abstraction and used tit the people who were already here in America after the generation that founding of Plymouth colony. Before Revolutionary War was the time period where sign language as American Sign Language, history of deaf literacy before the education for the deaf was established. Sign language gave the deaf American colonies the ability to communicate with each other. Sign language gave the deaf the abilities to have education and be able to understand what being learned. 5. The efforts that the deaf children where educated in the American colonies were that they were sending o school like Broadsword Academy or private education. The deaf children were known as deaf and dumb during that time period, but each one had the abilities and skills in different academic areas. For example, John Boiling was good at Geography and Arithmetic Globe and the father of Charles Green reported after Charles two years at Broadsword Academy has â€Å"improvement in the construction of language, and in writing; he has made a good beginning in arithmetic. † Children who were private education like William Mercer was able to succeed in his life since he had the skill for minting which was found through the years located. How to cite History of Rev War, Papers

John Michael Bosco Essays - Salesians Of Don Bosco, Salesian Order

John Michael Bosco One of the more recognizable saints in the Bible, Christianitys holiest teachings, is John the Beloved Apostle of Christ. He was the chosen one of the twelve who would recieve Mary as his Mother, and the only apostle to die a non-tragc death. Marys beloved apostle in the 1800s was St. John Bosco, or Don Bosco as he is familiarly called. Throughout his life, John was the Blessed Mothers instrument, he brought thousands upon thousands to his Mothers service, repaying them with the loving knowledge of Christ and his Church. After dying his aura lives on in the hundreds of Salesian Institutions throughout the world. Born John Michael Bosco on August 16, 18151, he came into a poor family. From birth he was endeared to the Virgin Mary by his mother, whom we call Mama Margaret. Mama Margaret, Ochienna was originally her name before marriage to Francesco Bosco, was a pious woman who also knew how to lay down the law and keep he sons, three of them, in line. Johns life was not ideal, his father died at the early age of 34, on the seventeenth of May, 18172. He didnt have a father after that day. From then on it was a tough road, he had to work in the farms and also try to foster a good education. But God always came first in the Bosco home , in the early morning, the whole family was on its knees praying In the fields, he sought to make the bad children good, when his mother asked why, he said Because when i am with them they behave better. Really, to teach them the Chatechism was his only intention, and he would do it by performing for them. In the fields he also had another problem, his older brother Antonio, who derided him for wanting to learn, wanting to succeed. He went to learn at his mothers old school, becoming half-farmer and half-school.boy. When he once admitted to his friends that he wished to become a priest, he was formally ridiculed once more. Not giving up he trudged onward. During his years of study, he had a dream, one which led him to the Blessed Mother. It was also in this dream that he had recieved the calling to minister to children, to bring them where he was, with God and the Virgin Mary. During all of his performences, John made it the rule for the audience to pray the Rosary every time, at the beginiing and the end or his show. On a Jublilee pilgrimage, he astounded the priest with his knowledge and piety, recounting sermons word for word and then giving their meanings. Up until John Bosco was ordained priest on 5 June, 18413-the eve of the feast of the Most Holy Trinity, in the private chapel of the Archbishop of Turin. On the sixth, in that church of St. Francis of Assisi which was to be the birthplace of his Oratory, he said his first mass privately, with only Don Cafasso present., he never stopped reaching for his dream, and even after, he reached yet harder still. During his ministry, he always sought to remove the leprosy of the soul from troubled boys, for as real leprosy can be cured in time, spiritual leprosy only festers and grows with the passage of time. Bartolomeo Garrelli was his first curing, teaching the boy to read, write, sing , and pray, he thus started his Oratory, or his place for prayer. Later Bart brought a dozen of his friends to come and see the wonders that Bosco might have done for them, which they accepted. He brought their souls out of the preverbial blight, and into the splendor of Gods saving warmth. His oratory constantly moved, is was like transplanting cabbages as he called it, the more you plant and replant them , the bigger and sturdier the grow. So it was with that sermon of his, that they sought their final, transplant site. It was a farmhouse with dirt floors, which also came with a small shack. The shack was to be used for their chapel Now four hundred strong, they were called an army of derelicts by the townsfolk. But John persevered, bulding his oratory, teaching trades and religion. He spread the christian truths and catholic teachings throughout Italy and later his sons and daughters will spread it throughout the world. And his oratory did grow, seen in the Salesian schools in North America and South America, because of a dream, his dream that the Salesians would civilize the natives,

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens Ag Essays

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens Ag Essays The Bribery Scandal at Siemens Ag Paper The Bribery Scandal at Siemens Ag Paper The Siemens bribery scandal brought to light a strategic dilemma facing multi-national firms attempting to gain a competitive edge by operating abroad; specifically, how can they balance adherence to their own ethical and legal standards with the customs required to do business efficiently, or perhaps at all, in foreign markets? ?Germany’s Co-Determination law has since drawn intense criticism as hampering competitiveness and creating untenable situations for management, rife with conflict-of-interest issues, not only because of Siemens, but also because of the number of other German-based companies accused of bribing labor union representatives. ?The forced resignation of CEO, Klaus Kleinfeld, despite the resulting success during his tenure, illustrates the predicament international managers face with regard to conflicting operational methods, and leads us to larger questions about accountability within an organization.? As the case study author states, the Siemens scandal is representative of what many firms believe is the inevitable â€Å"ethical cost of intense competition in global markets†, particularly emerging markets, where payments for contracts are described as common place and perhaps even required. ?Perhaps the most glaringly problematic observation remains that the Siemens AG top management claims that they failed to notice rampant, and arguably conspicuous embezzlement leading to lucrative foreign contracts. Are there flaws in the German System of Corporate Governance? The 2007 scandal resulting in charges against Siemens’ Chief of Information Technology, Johannes Feldmayer, and Chief of Finance, Karl-Hermann Baumann, was rooted in illegal payments designed to work around German corporate governance laws. In this instance, IG Metall complained that Siemens was illegally funding smaller, rival union, AUB, in an attempt to grow and cultivate it as an ally against IG Metall in the bargaining process. This scandal marked the beginning of the unearthing of unethical behaviors in other German-based firms that have since lead to criticism that the Co-Determination law is antiquated and hampers competitiveness. The Co-Determination law was designed to provide a mechanism for worker participation in management decision-making via a two-tiered system with a supervisory board having oversight of the management board. Critics, however, argue that the law, in fact, limits the management board’s ability to make strategic decisions due to the control exerted by labor holding 50% of the seats on the supervisory board. I agree with the author’s statement that this creates, â€Å"a suspicious alliance between the management and the labor representatives†. The end result was often agreements made prior to the official meetings to facilitate outcomes favorable to management. Although the law was meant to bring balance to the corporate governance structure, I would argue that the potential for corruption of the labor representatives, or on the other end of the spectrum, obstruction of the management board, has a destabilizing effect likely to manifest in questionable and dysfunctional partnerships, such as was the case with Siemens. Another component of the Co-Determination law prevents selection of supervisory board members who are non-German, regardless of the expertise or perspective they could bring to the table. Naturally, the result is a limited, often recurring, and potentially like-minded pool of candidates, which the author points out, may have contributed to the ousting of Kleinfeld. The facts presented indicate that the lion’s share of the bribery scandal took place under Heinrich von Pierer, who was the CEO from 1992 until 2005, and the supervisory board chairman from 2005 to 2007. Kleinfeld took over in 2005 and, within a period of only two years, had accomplished a remarkable and profitable restructuring, as evidenced by a 26% increase in the stock price. This was not without growing pains, however, as it is speculated that Kleinfeld’s aggressive management style, often described as â€Å"American†, did not meet with the approval of the more conservative supervisory board. As such, analysts opined that the bribery scandal was used as an opportunity to remove Kleinfeld, citing the need for a â€Å"new beginning†. I agree that this is likely the case. The growth under Kleinfeld was impressive, particularly given the timeframe. Furthermore, the timing of the actual instances of bribery put them squarely during von Pierer’s tenure as CEO; and he had already stepped down from the supervisory board. Nevertheless, under the power granted by the Co-Determination law, the supervisory board opted to bring in a new CEO, Peter Loescher, indicating, in my opinion, that its issue with Kleinfeld was not performance based. Why Such Risky Business? The history of Siemens AG paints a picture of a successful and arguably dominant multi-national firm, with a reputation for a war chest of competencies and innovative products. The obvious question, then, is why would a firm with this resume and list of global achievements become involved with corruption and criminal behavior? The author recounts the opinions of analysts who believe the answer is simple; many firms view the types of payments at the heart of the Siemens scandal to be the necessary cost of doing business in the current global environment. At first glance, the facts of this case may seem to support this theory. There were â‚ ¬420 million of questionable payments made over a seven year period from 1999 to 2006. Official Siemens records showed the payments as having gone to external consultants. It was determined, however, that they were actually paid to foreign purchasing officials and that the expenditures coincided with the procurement of â€Å"fixed line telecommunications business in various international markets†, including Italy, Puerto Rico, Greece, and the United States. By March of 2007, two former Siemens managers were convicted of embezzlement of company funds for the purpose of bribing foreign officials. The employees argued that their actions did not violate any laws, resulted in no personal gain, and were taken solely for the purpose of improving Siemens’ positioning. They argued that they worked, only to secure a lucrative deal in which the payments were required by Enel management as part of the standard bid process. In fact, Siemens AG argued that the court order requiring forfeiture of earnings from the contract, prior to 2002 when the German government instituted a law prohibiting bribes to private officials abroad, specifically, had no basis in law. As previously stated, these events may appear to support the case in favor of questionable payments and loose ethical boundaries as a necessary cost of business. It is my opinion, however, that these events illustrate a flawed management culture and strategy. They are evidence of a system where a focus on true technological innovation has given way to a focus on unfettered expansion, and the unnatural duplication of the monopolistic type control over infrastructure in developing countries that was enjoyed during previous decades in other parts of the now industrialized world. If Siemens had bolstered their technologically competitive strength, they would not need to rely so heavily on their financial strength to gain entry into markets. Is this the New Cost of Doing Business? The fact that Siemens top management continue to take the official position that, despite the scope, depth, and intricacies of the bribery scandal, they had no knowledge of it remains difficult to explain. Further, they take no responsibility, save acknowledgement that they lacked adequate internal compliance systems. I find the truthfulness of this position to be of remote possibility due to the conspicuousness and magnitude of the payments, as well as their direct correlation with the securing of highly lucrative contracts. Moreover, the idea that entire sections of Siemens’ managers were of the character that they would be comfortable blatantly committing criminal acts for the sole benefit of their employer, but not themselves, I find to be quite counter-intuitive. The debate over whether events such as those unearthed at Siemens are part of the usual and customary cost of doing business abroad must be framed in terms of the complete denial of culpability by the top management. A legitimate, above-board expense is accounted for, tracked, and justified; this is the case even when it is outside the norms of the firm’s home country. It is not hidden from shareholders. A buffer of scapegoat-able employees need not lie between it and top management. If a light cannot be readily shown upon it, I believe it is without question, unethical. Whether or not it is illegal, however, depends upon the laws in the countries the firm is operating in. I could conceive of a situation where a firm could distribute cash â€Å"incentive† payments openly, on the books, as well as legally. In addition, firms have other options. They could improve their offerings to increase the competitiveness of the bid, and/or structure them with above-board incentives. They could operate with a clear and unwavering zero-tolerance policy for bribery; recognizing that it will be necessary to educate those conducting bid processes in markets where it is believed to be common to expect questionable payments. A firm could also exercise patience, and restraint, and be willing to walk away from markets requiring participation in corrupt processes. The Kleinfeld Conclusion. The Siemens AG supervisory board did provide adequate justification for the decision not to renew Kleinfeld’s contract, due to the scandals breaking during his time as CEO; yet, I believe that they were wrong in doing so in light of his track record of impressive and expedient accomplishments. Though his termination clearly pleased the board, unless Mr.  Loescher is able to maintain the growth trajectory set by Kleinfeld, I believe his departure will not inspire confidence from management or shareholders. This is of concern because confidence has a direct impact on value, which could make it harder to move beyond the bribery scandal. Was it Worth It? One question still remains: was Siemens really at fault, given the apparent prevalence of these sorts of issues among other German companies; or was their only sin getting caught? It is my opinion that the magnitude of the â€Å"bribing† which took place at Siemens made it highly unlikely that knowledge of it would stay buried. I believe Siemens had to have anticipated this, hence the buffer between top management and the â€Å"bribers†. I believe they made a calculated business decision that whatever the consequence may ultimately be, it was a greater benefit to get a foot hold in the infrastructure of those markets. In short, yes, Siemens is to blame, and yes, they are okay with it. Bibliography Deresky, H. (2011). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (7th Edition ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.